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Reverse Bias for NPN Now imagine that a second battery is connected between the base and the emitter in the circuit of Fig 22-3B, with the polarity such that EB becomes negative with respect to the emitter The addition of this new battery will cause the E-B junction to be reverse-biased No current flows through the E-B junction in this situation (as long as the new battery voltage is not so great that avalanche breakdown occurs) A signal might be injected at the base to cause a flow of current, but such a signal must attain, at least momentarily, a positive voltage high enough to overcome both the reverse bias and the forward breakover voltage of the junction Forward Bias for NPN Now suppose that EB is made positive with respect to the emitter, starting at small voltages and gradually increasing This is forward bias If the forward bias is less than the forward breakover voltage, no current will flow But as the base voltage EB reaches the breakover point, the E-B junction will start to conduct The base-collector (B-C) junction of a bipolar transistor is normally reverse-biased It will remain reverse-biased as long as EB is less than the supply voltage (in this case 12 V) In practical transistor circuits, it is common for EB to be set at a fraction of the supply voltage Despite the reverse bias of the B-C junction, a significant emitter-collector current, called collector current and denoted IC, will flow once the E-B junction conducts In a real transistor circuit such as the one shown in Fig 22-3B, the meter reading will jump when the forward breakover voltage of the E-B junction is reached Then even a small rise in EB, attended by a rise in IB, will cause a large increase in IC, as shown in Fig 22-4 If EB continues to rise, a point will eventually be reached where the IC versus EB curve levels off The transistor is then said to be saturated or in saturation It is wide open, conducting as much as it can.

This chapter will focus mainly on the recent release of the Microsoft Sync Framework (MSF) and how it applies to mobile development and synchronization of data between the NET Compact Framework (NET CF) and SQL Server Much information exists on older technologies, such as remote data access (RDA) and merge replication (MR), and is readily available via an internet search The following books provide excellent coverage of these topics: Rob Tiffany s Windows Mobile Data Synchronization with SQL Server 2005 and SQL Server Compact 31, Hood Canal Press, 2007 Andy Wigley, Daniel Moth, and Peter Foot s Mobile Development Handbook, Microsoft Press, 2007 By utilizing SQL Server Compact Edition (SQL CE) as the local data store, we can take advantage of both RDA and MR to maintain the integrity of our data, whether connected or not.

Figure 5-2

With SQL CE, the mobile application can read from the database using typical SQL data access techniques Subsequently, when and if we are connected, the chosen data management strategy kicks in to synchronize our data with the remote server..

As you saw earlier in this chapter, the time property of the date object returns the number of seconds since midnight This is nice and precise, but most of us fuzzy-brained humans find hours and minutes easier units to deal in To break down a time in seconds into hours, minutes, or larger units, use the date constants shown in Table 5-6 For example, the following statement returns the number of hours that have passed so far in the day:

PNP Biasing For a PNP transistor, the situation is a mirror image of the case for an NPN device The diodes are reversed, the arrow points inward rather than outward in the transistor symbol, and all the polarities are reversed The dual-diode PNP model, along with the real-world transistor circuit, are shown in Fig 22-5 In the preceding discussion, replace every occurrence of the word positive with the word negative Qualitatively, the same things happen: small changes in EB cause small changes in IB, which in turn produce large fluctuations in IC

Microsoft Sync Framework (MSF)

MSF is Microsoft s newest entry into the information replication and synchronization arena. It combines the ease and usefulness of RDA with the power and scalability of MR. It is highly developer centric and requires little setup. RDA will soon be deprecated in favor of MSF because of its ease of use and scalability. MSF uses the provider model as shown in figure 1, and is transport agnostic. The provider model allows developers to create synchronization technology for any client and for any server. A number of providers are already available as listed here: File Systems Sync Services for Feed Sync Sync Services for ADO.NET Most major software vendors are developing providers for their technology to interface with MSF. The main pieces of this architecture are the client and server synchronization providers, the synchronization adapter, and the synchronization agent.